# NAD+ References: The Studies Behind the Board

> The full NAD+ reference list behind this research digest — peer-reviewed studies on NAD+, NMN and NR with DOIs and PubMed links. Every quantitative claim on the board traces here.

The peer-reviewed literature behind the digest — author, journal, year, and a DOI or PubMed link for each. The fine print of the board.

## How to read this list

Each numbered entry below corresponds to the inline [N] markers used across the board. Where the prose says "[research context]," the claim is drawn from the compiled dosage, pharmacokinetic, regulatory and tolerability record summarized in this digest rather than from a single one of the numbered primary studies. Identifiers are provided so any claim can be checked at source: PubMed IDs and DOIs resolve directly to the publications. The full citations are listed in the references panel.

## References

[1] Yoshino M, Yoshino J, Kayser BD, et al. Nicotinamide mononucleotide increases muscle insulin sensitivity in prediabetic women. Science. 2021;372(6547):1224-1229. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33888596/
[2] Camacho-Pereira J, Tarragó MG, Chini CCS, et al. CD38 Dictates Age-Related NAD Decline and Mitochondrial Dysfunction through an SIRT3-Dependent Mechanism. Cell Metab. 2016;23(6):1127-1139. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27304511/
[3] Yi L, Maier AB, Tao R, et al. The efficacy and safety of β-nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) supplementation in healthy middle-aged adults: a randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, dose-dependent clinical trial. GeroScience. 2023;45(1):29-43. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36482258/
[4] Conze D, Brenner C, Kruger CL. Safety and Metabolism of Long-term Administration of NIAGEN (Nicotinamide Riboside Chloride) in a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-controlled Clinical Trial of Healthy Overweight Adults. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):9772. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31278280/
[5] Covarrubias AJ, Perrone R, Grozio A, Verdin E. NAD+ metabolism and its roles in cellular processes during ageing. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2021;22(2):119-141. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33353981/
[6] Ramsey KM, Yoshino J, Brace CS, et al. Circadian clock feedback cycle through NAMPT-mediated NAD+ biosynthesis. Science. 2009;324(5927):651-654. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19299583/
[7] Costford SR, Bajpeyi S, Pasarica M, et al. Skeletal muscle NAMPT is induced by exercise in humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2010;298(1):E117-E126. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19887595/
[8] Tarragó MG, Chini CCS, Kanamori KS, et al. A Potent and Specific CD38 Inhibitor Ameliorates Age-Related Metabolic Dysfunction by Reversing Tissue NAD+ Decline. Cell Metab. 2018;27(5):1081-1095.e10. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29719225/
[9] Li H, Feng Y, Chen Z, et al. SIRT3 regulates mitochondrial biogenesis in aging-related diseases. J Biomed Res. 2022;36(2):77-88. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36056557/
[10] Escande C, Nin V, Price NL, et al. Flavonoid apigenin is an inhibitor of the NAD+ ase CD38: implications for cellular NAD+ metabolism, protein acetylation, and treatment of metabolic syndrome. Diabetes. 2013;62(4):1084-1093. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23172919/
[11] Boo YC. Mechanistic Basis and Clinical Evidence for the Applications of Nicotinamide (Niacinamide) to Control Skin Aging and Pigmentation. Antioxidants (Basel). 2021;10(8):1315. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34439563/
[12] Han S, Du Z, Liu K, Gong S. Nicotinamide riboside protects noise-induced hearing loss by recovering the hair cell ribbon synapses. Neurosci Lett. 2020;725:134910. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32171805/
[13] Vinten KT, Trętowicz MM, Coskun E, et al. NAD+ precursor supplementation in human ageing: clinical evidence and challenges. Nat Metab. 2025;7(10):1944-1959. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41083806/
[14] Williams PA, Harder JM, Foxworth NE, et al. Vitamin B3 modulates mitochondrial vulnerability and prevents glaucoma in aged mice. Science. 2017;355(6326):756-760. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28209901/

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A pinned-up research board on NAD+ — the redox coenzyme and its precursors NMN and NR tacked to their studies, the dose-dependent blood-NAD+ data marked confirmed and the unproven human endpoints flagged in red, with no clinic behind the board and nothing here infused, dispensed, or sold.